What are the components of XIHO brand's 16kWh battery pack?

A 51.2V LiFePo4 battery pack—often referred to as a “48V battery” in the solar and energy storage industry—is one of the most common configurations used in residential solar systems, backup power, and small commercial energy storage. Below is a detailed explanation of its structure, working principle, and key specifications.

•A single LifePo4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate) cell has a nominal voltage of ~3.2V.
•Connecting 16 cells in series (16S) gives: 16 × 3.2V = ​51.2V nominal.
•At full charge, each cell reaches ~3.65V, so the pack maximum is 16 × 3.65V = ​~58.4V.
•At discharge cut-off (typically ~2.5V-2.8V/cell), the pack voltage is about ​~40V–44.8V.
•The industry commonly calls this a “48V system” for simplicity and historical reasons (matching lead-acid battery classifications), even though the actual operating range is wider (e.g., ~44V–58V).

•​Cells: The basic energy storage units. Usually, prismatic LifePo4 cells are used for high capacity and long life.
•​Series and Parallel Connections:
  •​Series (S)​​ determines the voltage (16S = 51.2V).
  ​•Parallel (P)​​ increases the capacity (Ah). Example: 16S1P = 314Ah, etc.
•Battery Management System (BMS)​:
  •Protects against overcharge, over-discharge, short circuit, overcurrent, and extreme temperatures.
  •Balances individual cell voltages.
•Provides State of Charge (SOC), State of Health (SOH), and communicates with inverters via CAN/RS485.
•​Enclosure & Safety Components: Includes busbars, fuses, breakers, thermal sensors, pre-charge circuits, and an IP-rated housing for protection.
•​Optional Cooling: Passive air cooling is common, but larger systems may include fans or liquid cooling.

•​​Nominal Voltage: 51.2V (16 × 3.2V).
•​Voltage Range: Approximately ~44.8V (discharged) to 58.4V (fully charged).
•​​Capacity: Defined in Ampere-hours (Ah). Energy in kilowatt-hours (kWh) = 51.2V × Ah ÷ 1000.
•​Example: 314Ah →16kWh.
•​​Continuous Discharge Current: Typically 0.5C–1C, depending on cell design and BMS rating.
•​​Cycle Life: 8000+ cycles, depending on depth of discharge (DoD), temperature, and charge rate.
•​​Efficiency: Round-trip efficiency is usually above 95%.

•​Charging: During the day, excess DC power from solar panels (via a charge controller) charges the battery pack.
•​Storage: The pack stores the energy chemically inside the LiFePO₄ cells.
•​Discharging: At night or during low solar production, the battery releases stored DC energy.
•​Inverter Conversion: An inverter converts DC from the pack to AC power for home use.
•​Grid Interaction:
  • If the battery is full, surplus solar power can be exported to the grid.
  •If solar and battery power cannot meet demand, the home draws power from the grid.

•Prevents unsafe operation by cutting off charging if the temperature is below 0°C or above safe limits.
•Stops discharging if the pack voltage drops too low.
•Provides real-time monitoring of voltage, current, and temperature.
•Supports smart integration with hybrid inverters for optimized charging and discharging schedules.

•Install with proper fuses, circuit breakers, and grounding.
•Keep the battery within the manufacturer's specified temperature range.
•Ensure the inverter settings match LifePo4 charging parameters (max charge voltage ≈58.4V, recommended float voltage ~54–55V).
•Avoid mixing new and old battery packs when connecting in parallel.
•Use certified packs with UN38.3, CE, MSDS, and other compliance documents for safe transport and installation.

•Residential solar + storage systems.
•Backup power during grid outages.
•Telecom base stations.
•Off-grid cabins and RVs.
•Small commercial or industrial energy storage.

​In summary:​​ A 51.2V/48V LiFePo4 battery pack is built from 16 cells in series, managed by a BMS, and designed to safely store and deliver clean energy with a long cycle life, high efficiency, and excellent safety—making it the backbone of many modern residential solar systems.